Tissue Conditioners Soft Lining Materials Health And Social Care Essay

Tissue Conditioners Soft Lining Materials Health And Social Care Essay As a briefing history of the denture lining materials, we can find that in 1942, Matthews introduced plasticized polyvinylchloride as one of the first soft lining materials used with acrylic resin dentures (Sultana, 1991) then Lammie Storer published a summary of observations on different soft denture materials and classified the processed resilient materials as follows. (1) natural rubber, (2) polyvinylchloride, (3) polyvinylacetae, (4) methyl methacrylate copolymer, (5) silicone (Lammie Storer, 1958). Furthermore, they stated that this material became hard due to loss of plasticizer after several months, and became stained and cracked in the mouth. However, we tend to examine the composition and uses of both tissue conditioners and soft lining materials in prosthetic dentistry. Basically, Tissue conditioners composed of polyethylmethacrylate and mixture of aromatic ester and ethyl alcohol and they are found in three components system: polymer (powder), monomer (liquid) and dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer flow control (liquid) when mixed together a gel is formed (Braden M 1970). The major uses of these tissue conditioners materials are: tissue treatment, temporary obturator, baseplate stabilization, to diagnose the outcome of resilient liners, liners in surgical splints, trial denture base and as a functional impression material (Nallaswamy D. 2003). Tissue treatment: the advantage of using a tissue conditioner is to prepare the selected oral structure to withstand all the stress from the prosthesis and to preserves the residual ridge. It is also used to heal irritated hyperemic tissues before denture fabrication. Temporary obturator: tissue conditioners can be added as a temporary obturator over the existing complete or partial denture and this can be done directly in the month or indirectly after an impression of surgical area has been made. Stabilization of baseplate and surgical splints or stents: when undercuts are present on an edentulous cast, an acrylic temporary denture base cannot be used as it may get locked into the undercut and break the cast during removal. In this case tissue conditioner may be used to stabilize the record base and prevent breakage of the cast. Adjunct to an impression or as a final impression material: when it is difficult to determine the extent of the denture base due to movable oral structure, tissue conditioner can be used to record the extensions of the denture in a dynamic form that will later help in preparing an impression tray for the final impression. To diagnose the outcome of resilient liners: patient with well-constructed denture sometimes develop chronic soreness and find it difficult to wear it comfortably. Tissue conditioners can be used to determine if this problem will be resolved with the use of a resilient liner. (Nallaswamy D, 2003). Commercially, there are a wide range of tissue conditioner products, for example, GC tissue conditioner and Visco-gel and more but here we will compare between these two only: Firstly, GC- tissue conditioner is composed of Polyethylmethacrylate (powder), methacrylate monomer (liquid) and dibutyl sebacate (plasticizer). Manufacturer claims that using of dibutyl sebacate as plasticizer instead of the conventional dibutyl phthalate has a merit of not being harmful to the human endocrine system. However, it is suitable for conditioning and relieving tissue (for example when there are areas of inflammation or pressure points on the inflamed alveolar ridge), but also for temporary soft relining of partial and complete dentures as well as functional impressions to fabricate new dentures or restore existing ones, for immediate dentures and as an interim solution for direct loading situations in implantology. It is manufactured by GC EUROPE, Belgium (www.gceurope.com). On the other hand, Visco-gel tissue conditioner is composed of Polyethyl methacrylate (powder), Phthalyl butyl glycolate, Ethanol (liquid). It is can be used prior to denture replacement, extension or rebasing, tissue conditioner where the denture-bearing tissues have become disturbed by either denture trauma or infection, temporary lining immediately after extraction or oral surgery, temporary soft liner when normal dentures are not tolerated, particularly for patients with impairment of general health and as functional impression material in post-operative cases or when ill-fitting dentures require replacement or rebasing. Visco-gel is manufactured by DENTSPLY DeTrey GmbH, Germany (www.dentsply.com). Regardless the trade, the following steps should be considered while applying a tissue conditioner, first, tissue part of the denture base, which crosses an undercut, should be reduced then the tissue surface of the denture, which covers the crest of the ridge, should be reduced by 1 mm to allow sufficient room for placement of the tissue conditioner (Nallaswamy D, 2003). Soft lining material is the second part of this review and here it is wise to understand the difference between the tissue conditioner and the soft lining material. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has issued two international standards related to liner materials: (ISO 10139-1:1991): first, lining materials for removable dentures-Part 1: short-term materials and soft lining materials for removable dentures (ISO, 1991) and the second, lining materials for removable dentures-Part 2: materials for long-term use (ISO, 1999). A short-term liner is one that is used intraorally for up to 30 days. A long-term liner is one that maintains softness and elasticity for more than 30 days (Garcia Jones, 2004). Practically, the ISO is differentiating between the temporary and the permanent soft ling material but theoretically, we can find that tissue conditioners can be used for more than 30 days depends on the loss of the plasticizer. Moreover, tissue conditioner and soft l ining have been used for the same purpose clinically. So then, what is the difference? Viscosity is that difference so whenever the material is with low viscosity and flow easily you can use it as a tissue conditioner while material with high viscosity is indicated to be used as a soft liner. There are two groups of soft lining material the first is the acrylic resin-based liner which consists of powder and liquid components. The powder has poly (ethyl or methyl) methacrylate, and sometimes copolymers, while the liquid contains methyl methacrylate monomer and plasticizers that are added to lower the glass transition temperature. The distribution of the large plasticizer molecules minimizes entanglement of polymer chains, which allows individual chains to slide by one another, keeping the liner from fully hardening. The liquids used do not contain acrylic monomers (Craig Gibbons, 1961; Anusavice, 2003). The second type of these soft lining materials is the silicone denture liners wh ich are basically polymers of dimethylsiloxane. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) is a viscous liquid, which can be cross-linked to give rubber a good elastic property. The cross-linking agent is usually an alkyl-silane (silicate) and the reaction is catalysed by an organo-metal salt such as tinoctoate or benzoyl peroxide (McCabe, 1976). Silicones are not dependent on leachable plasticizers and remain elastic for longer periods of time (Anusavice, 2003; Munksgaard, 2004). These liners cannot bind to the acrylic denture base; however, the use of an adhesive can overcome this limitation, which was shown to be a method of failure (Dogan et al., 2006). These liner materials may be selected for the treatment of the following conditions: poor stability of denture, inadequate retention of denture, reduction of vertical dimension, degradation of the denture base, improper extension of borders into the muccobuccal fold regions, mucosal irritations, atrophic ridges, bony undercuts, denture opposing natu ral teeth, reduced thickness and viscoelasticity of the mucosa, pain from gingival irritation, maxillofacial defects, traumatic or pathologic tissue loss and for reline of an existing denture (Zarb et al., 1989; Christensen, 1995; Hayakawa et al., 2000; Hill Rubel, 2011). As a conclusion then, these viscoelastic materials either tissue conditioners or soft lining materials are contributing to solve a list of dental problems that might exist in the removable prosthesis or could be used in a range of dental procedures which are related to fully or partially edentulous patients. Furthermore, these materials need a continuous care and maintenance especially, the tissue conditioner which tends to harden and roughen due to the loss of the plasticizer. However, we should not forget the primary purpose of these materials which is they are used as temporary materials during transitional situations.

Family Structure Trends in Europe Essay -- Papers Home Family Divorce

The implication for social policy as a result of the changing face of the ‘family’ has been enormous. In order to evaluate them adequately, I shall look at 4 main transitory factors which have had, and are continuing to have, implications for social policy, specifically within Europe. These are: Downward trend in marriages, the rise in single parent/lone parent families, increasing participation of women in the workforce and their consequent economical success, and the incessantly declining rate of fertility. The notion of family thirty years ago was relatively simple. A married couple, two children, an extended family in the form of grandparents and even a pet were seen as constituting the norm. One of the main factors that influenced the fragmentation of this image, in Britain at least, was the introduction of The Divorce Reform Act in 1969 (Glennester, pg 163). The immediate period after the introduction of this law, brought on by considerable pressure from feminists in the 1960s period of liberalism, witnessed a sudden influx in the number of women abandoning their marriages in search of bigger and better things. Married couples were increasingly becoming separate entities, and, over time, this pattern has altered to an extent that marriage is now losing its hold as an important social institution. Lewis (1992 In: Glennester Howard:British Social Policy since 1945 pp 164) made use of the Male Breadwinning Model to depict the belief system upon which social policies were initially formed; women were dependent upon the male, unlikely to participate in the labour work force after marriage and likely to remain in the domest... ...ng policies. The rising irregularities in family life can also be seen as a result of the contradictions within existing policies. Whereas on the one hand the state urges its members to show increasing participation in the labour force, it also encourages the maintenance of the traditional notions of 'family.' This requires females to remain at home and men to dominate in the financial domain, a lifestyle which is unlikely; financial requirements of raising children are now are so high that it needs dual work, which in turn increases individualisation, one primary reason the state is in a frenzy with regards to childcare. What is required is a balance between the two variations; the traditional and the new, but whether social policy can incorporate the new 'fluctuating' family into it's make up remains to be seen.

Effects of a stronger Euro on the Eurozone Essay

Most countries, in fact all countries in the Euro zone, have adopted a floating exchange rate, which means that the value of the Euro and, thus, the exchange rate are only determined by the demand for and supply of the currency on the foreign exchange market. Therefore, the value of the Euro can fluctuate drastically depending on different factors. At the moment, the Euro is a very strong currency. This has got different effects on the Euro zone, positive as well as negative. On the one hand, a strong Euro and, therefore, a high exchange rate decrease the price of imports into the Euro zone, so that more goods and services can be imported for the same amount of money, as one unit of currency will buy more units of foreign currencies than before, which means that more foreign goods and services can be imported. These imports might include services such as foreign travel, products we can directly consume, such as clothes from China or primary resources which are bought by firms. When producers can buy cheaper resources, their costs of production decrease, which causes prices to decrease, too, as the following diagram shows: Here, the supply curve shifts to the right, due to lower costs of production. This is a shift along the demand curve and therefore, the quantity demanded increases, whereas the price at which the goods and services can be purchased falls. A decrease in prices is – obviously – good for the consumers, as they have to pay less money for the goods they buy, and it is also good for the government because low prices reduce inflationary pressure. However, although the greater amount of imports is good for the consumers, domestic producers might be worse off. With the imports being relatively less expensive than the domestically produced goods and services, competition increases and there might be a fall in the demand for domestically produced goods and services. This could lead to unemployment as the domestic producers, whose profits decrease, can’t afford anymore to keep all these workers. Another consequence of high exchange rates are increased prices of exports for foreign countries. Industries which export price inelastic goods will probably find that they have increased export revenues as the following diagram shows. Here, the quantity demanded decreases from Q1 to Q2, and therefore, the price at which the goods or services are sold increases from P1 to P2. However, the change in price is much bigger than the change in quantity demanded as it is an elastic good. Therefore, the profit increases. However, although these industries have benefits from high exchange rates, most firms don’t produce goods for which demand is inelastic, so that it is difficult for them to sell their goods and services abroad, because their prices are, compared to the prices of producers from other countries, relatively high and they are, therefore, not able to compete with these producers. This means that they make less profits because they sell less, which might cause a further increase in unemployment. If the amount of money flowing out of the economy because of imports increases, and the amount of money flown into the economy because of exports decreases, this would worsen the balance of payments which could, in the worst case, become negative. This would decrease aggregate demand (AD) which is defined as consumption + investment + government spending + (exports – imports). However, although the high export costs will in the short run harm domestic producers, as it threatens their international competitiveness, they will in the long run increase their inflationary discipline. In order to maintain their competitiveness, domestic firms have to lower their costs of production, so that their prices decrease and they export more. In order to lower their costs of production, they have to be more efficient, which will, ideally, eventually result in a more efficient economy overall. This shows, that a strong Euro can have both, positive and negative, consequences on economies. But whether it is considered to be good or bad, very much depends on the kind of economy: A strong Euro doesn’t have the same effect on all countries in the Euro zone. Whereas economies which specialise on exports, such as Germany might not want a too strong Euro, as their international competitiveness might decrease, economies which very much rely on imports might be better off with a strong Euro.

The Effects Of Gambling Addiction On The Age - 1399 Words

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